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CHAPTER ONE | |||||
INTRODUCTION
BACK GROUND OF STUDY
There is evidence
that examinations are some of the controversial issues in educational system.
Due to its nature it was attracted much criticism. Some of should be laid on
examinations while others advocate understanding of subject matter rather than
recourse of examinations.
However, examinations are known to play
very important roles in our educational system. As stated by Stephen (1969)
“There are numerous examples in all countries of examinations while are
reality, and frequently in name also, competitions designed to eliminate the
majority of candidates and allocate the remainder to certain known vacancies
in, for example, the civil services in secondary schools, in college or
university
In
essence, examinations are used to determine pass or fail of a student or group
of students in the opinion of Stephen ‘’history seems to support the view that
setting children against one another in trials and competitions has always been
a respectable means of inciting them of deal’’. A student who knows that he
might fall on examination which will in turn determine his progress or
promotion will strive hard in order to pass. This once more encourage p kind of
competition within groups of students who will dim at nigh position in their
classes.
Examinations
are also used for academic stratification or for assigning grades to students.
For decade, the West Africa Examination Council awards results on the basis of
some stratification’s and three. The contemporary practice of (N.C.E). Students
are stratified into distinction, credit merit and pass, while in the university
also, students are stratified into first, second (upper and lower) or third
class degrees having gone through an examination.
These
grades are a measure of success and prestige.
A child with a division one pass in school certificate examination will
be regarded by those around him as academically precocious.
He
is also likely to have a place in the institution of higher learning or in job
situation within the society easier than a child with a division three pass.
All
these conditions have combined to influence a child’s attitude to an
examination; attitude which always colonnade in an urge for success in any
particular examination whether or not he had prepared for it. These
competitions in school have their parallel in the society. In Nwana’s (1979) view “in the business
sector, the more theoretical examinations one passes, the better chances of
advancement eve it productivity does not increase.
This
is the social context in which candidate and staff operates”. The society is
known to consist of specialized functions requiring from its members ability to
cope with.
The
society also accords some functions higher status than others. Thus we find
that two graduates from the same school and in the same field may be given
different functions with one being look upon with more respect than the other.
There are often more claimants who have gone through an examination.
Examinations
are also used for other purpose. They are designed as a basis for licensing. An
example according to Stephen’ is the driving text. No one so far, wishes to put
a limit to the number of drivers on the road or ton set motorists competing
against each other in a series of proficiency text designed to knock out all
but a small pre-determined quantity to top grade performance. The authority
have every desire to ensure that those who handle cars are capable of doing so
with at least a minimum of efficiency” All licensing examinations area mans of
screening undesirables, so as to make life safer for many on our roads.
Stephen
the educationist also posses the believes that examinations are used as tools
for social engineering. “In this respect they have been used as tools for
breaking through social class barriers and speeding social mobility” These are
the reasons we find that we cannot escape one kind the examination or the
other. Emphasis is always on pass because this will again determine who should
have a particular job in the absence of it on the spot of examinations such as
Oral examinations.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
From
the background given to this study, it could be seen that examination plays an
important role in our educational system as well as the society we live in. but
hones examinations are hard to find nowadays. Malpractices in examinations have
been reported since 1914 when there was a leakage or question papers in the
senior Cambridge local examination. Ever since, there have been cases of
irregularities reported on a yearly basis. But, the outstanding years were
1963, 1967, 1970, 1973, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996,
1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, (West African Examination Council, 2004).
Malpractice’s
have spread nationwide including Edo State but no one seems to know the extent
it has gone in particular areas and why they occur there. This investigation is
therefore designed to inquire into the problem of examination malpractice’s in
secondary schools in Ovia South West Local Government Area of Edo State.
SUB
PROBLEMS:
In
order to be able to effectively investigate the main problems as stated above the
following sub problems are to be investigated.
a. What are the
examination malpractices in Secondary Schools in Ovia South West Local
Government Area?
b. What is the
extent of those involved in the examination malpractice?
c. Why do they
involve in examination malpractices?
d. How do they
cheat in examination?
e. What are the
effects of this malpractice’s on the students, school and the society in
general?
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
On the basis of the problems, the following were
formulated:
a. There is a
relation between parents and teacher expectancy rate and students cheating in
an examination.
b. Students who
have not being properly taught by the teachers are most likely to violate
examination integrity.
c. Students
unserious attitude towards studying hard enough are most likely to cause
cheating in an examination.
d. There is a
relationship between students strong desire to succeed and violating
examination norms.
PURPOSE OF STUDY
Examination
malpractice have been on the increase since 1963’s, these malpractice’s
indulgent learn new tactics or methods of the crime. The purpose of this study
therefore is to investigate into some important expects of examination
malpractice’s. This study will help specifically to find out:
a. Reasons students cheat at examinations.
b. The method student use in cheating at examination.
c. The extent
of the involvement of the society, teachers, parents and the pupils on the
malpractice’s.
d. The effect
of examination malpractice’s on pupils, school and the society at large.
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Benefits
will be derived from this study. Firstly, it will expose the extent to which
students, parents and teachers are involved in these malpractice’s secondly it
will provide a remedy or a lasting solution to examination malpractice’s.
Thirdly,
it will guide educators who can suggest ways of eliminating the sources of
examination malpractices
TO GET THE COMPLETED PROJECT WORK WITH
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Friday 25 October 2013
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
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